Introduction Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) uses heat to remove tissue. To manage pain, radio waves are transmitted through a carefully positioned needle to raise the temperature of a specific nerve region. This stops pain signals from being sent back to the brain. RFA is an option for chronic pain conditions, particularly those affecting the neck, lower…
What is an Atelectasis? Atelectasis is a condition in which a portion of the lung collapses or fails to inflate properly, leading to reduced gas exchange. It commonly occurs due to airway obstruction, pressure on the lung, or shallow breathing, often after surgery or in individuals with underlying lung conditions. Although it normally only involves…
What is a Lateral Ankle Sprain? A lateral ankle sprain occurs when the ligaments on the outer side of the ankle are overstretched or torn, typically due to a sudden twist, roll, or damage. It is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries, often seen in sports or activities involving quick changes in direction. Ankle…
What is an Episodic Ataxia? Episodic ataxia (EA) is a neurological disorder that affects movement. At least eight varieties have been identified, all of which are hereditary but can vary in their symptoms and onset ages. Less than 0.001 percent of people have EA, making it uncommon. Episodes of ataxia, or poor balance and/or coordination,…
Introduction: The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) is a key stabilizing ligament on the inner side of the elbow, connecting the humerus to the ulna. UCL injuries often occur due to repetitive stress from overhead motions, commonly seen in athletes like baseball pitchers and javelin throwers. An internal elbow injury is caused by damage to the…
What is Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury? The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) prevents the tibia from shifting rearward concerning the femur is the PCL’s function. PCL injuries rarely happen alone, although they frequently coexist with other knee components (meniscus, ligaments). Every year, there are about two PCL injuries for every 100,000 people. A stretch to a…
Introduction: The term “gluteal pain” describes any stiffness, hurting, or pain in the gluteal region, which includes the buttocks’ muscles, tendons, and tissues. This region is essential for supporting the hips and lower back, promoting mobility, and preserving posture. Gluteal pain has too many causes and is usually managed with rest, medicine, and physical therapy…
Introduction The pudendal nerve is a major nerve in the pelvis, originating from the sacral plexus (S2-S4). It provides motor and sensory innervation to the perineum, including the external genitalia, anus, and pelvic floor muscles. It plays a key role in controlling bladder and bowel function, as well as sexual function. Injury or irritation of…
Ankle Eversion Ankle eversion is the movement of the foot outward, away from the midline of the body. It primarily involves the activation of the peroneal muscles located on the outer side of the lower leg. This movement is essential for maintaining balance, stability, and proper foot mechanics during walking, running, and other activities. Ankle…
Introduction The Silfverskiold test is a clinical examination used to differentiate between gastrocnemius and soleus muscle tightness in cases of ankle dorsiflexion limitation. The test involves assessing passive ankle dorsiflexion with the knee extended and then with the knee flexed. A greater range of dorsiflexion with the knee flexed suggests gastrocnemius tightness, while no significant…
