What is a Chronic Bronchitis? Chronic bronchitis (CB) is a persistent cough and sputum production that lasts for at least three months out of the year for two years in a row. A form of COPD called chronic bronchitis causes your lungs to become inflamed and fill with mucus. Although chronic bronchitis cannot be completely…
Introduction The anterior longitudinal ligament is a robust band of connective tissue that runs down the front of the spinal column’s vertebral bodies. It prevents excessive movement and protects against injury by stabilizing and supporting the spine. The ligament is a vital part of the spinal column and is essential to keeping the spine in…
Introduction The central nervous system (CNS) is a division of the nervous system that analyses and integrates different intrapersonal and extrapersonal information and produces a coordinated reaction to these stimuli. The brain and spinal cord are the two continuous central nervous system (CNS) organs. They are contained in two bony structures, the skull, and the…
Ankle Inversion Ankle inversion refers to the movement where the sole of the foot turns inward, typically towards the midline of the body. It involves the contraction of muscles like the tibialis posterior and anterior, and is essential for activities like walking, running, and maintaining balance. Ankle Eversion and Inversion: What Are They? Movements of…
Knee Extension Knee Extension refers to the movement of straightening the knee joint, typically performed by the quadriceps muscles at the front of the thigh. It is a vital motion for activities like walking, standing, and climbing stairs. Knee extension exercises are often used in rehabilitation to restore strength and mobility after injury or surgery….
Introduction The pubofemoral ligament is a strong, triangular ligament located on the anterior side of the hip joint. It connects the pubic bone to the femur and helps prevent excessive hip abduction and extension, providing stability to the joint. Pain, stiffness, and trouble moving can also be symptoms of pubofemoral ligament injuries. Complete recovery requires…
Ankle Dorsi Flexion Ankle dorsiflexion is the movement of pulling the toes upward toward the shin, decreasing the angle between the foot and the lower leg. It is essential for walking, running, and maintaining balance. Ankle Dorsi Flexion and Planter Flexion: What Are They? Two essential ankle joint movements, ankle dorsiflexion, and plantarflexion, are necessary…
Introduction The iliofemoral ligament, also known as the Y-ligament of Bigelow, is a strong, triangular ligament that connects the ilium to the femur. It is located at the front of the hip joint and plays a crucial role in stabilizing the hip by preventing hyperextension. Its unique Y-shaped structure provides significant support during standing and…
Introduction Acute bronchitis is a temporary inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to the lungs. It is typically caused by viral infections, such as the common cold or flu, and often follows an upper respiratory infection. Symptoms include a persistent cough, chest discomfort, mucus production, and sometimes mild fever or fatigue….
Introduction Vodka is an alcoholic drink that has been distilled and is transparent. Various types originated from Poland, Russia, and Sweden. Vodka primarily consists of water and ethanol, but it may also contain small amounts of impurities and flavors. Vodka contains few calories and no carbohydrates. Additionally, it does not contain gluten. Typically, a single…
