Supraspinatus Muscle Pain occurs due to strain, overuse, or injury to the supraspinatus muscle, a key component of the rotator cuff in the shoulder. Pain is often felt on the top or side of the shoulder and may worsen with overhead movements. Common causes include repetitive stress, poor posture, or rotator cuff injuries. Early management…
The hand’s interphalangeal joints are the hinge joints that allow flexion in the direction of the palm between the finger phalanges. Introduction The hand’s interphalangeal joints are synovial hinge joints connecting the proximal, middle, and distal phalanges. These joints can be categorized into digits 2–5 according to the bones involved. The middle and distal phalanges…
Three intervertebral joints connect each neighboring vertebra from the axis to the sacrum: two between the facets of adjacent vertebral arches and one between the vertebral bodies (zygapophysial joints, also known as facet joints). Introduction The intervertebral joints join the vertebrae of the vertebral column which are closely nearby. Three distinct joints make up each intervertebral joint: two zygapophyseal (facet) joints and one intervertebral disc joint (intervertebral symphysis). Articular surfaces The intervertebral symphyses, or intervertebral disc joints, go from the C2 to the S1 vertebral levels. Adjacent vertebral…
The proximal radioulnar articulation, sometimes referred to as the proximal radioulnar joint (PRUJ), is a synovial pivot joint that occurs between the ring created by the annular ligament and the radial notch of the ulna and the circumference of the radius head. Introduction A synovial joint that joins the proximal ends of the radius and…
The facet joints, which are a group of synovial, plane joints between the articular processes of two neighboring vertebrae, are also known as zygapophysial joints, zygapophyseal, apophyseal, or Z-joints. Each spinal motion segment has two facet joints, and the recurrent meningeal nerves innervate each facet joint. Introduction This synovial connection, called the apophyseal or zygapophyseal…
Vastus Medialis Muscle Pain occurs due to overuse, muscle imbalances, or strain, often leading to discomfort around the inner thigh or knee. It can affect knee stability and movement, requiring proper stretching, strengthening, and recovery for relief and prevention. What is a Vastus Medialis Muscle Pain? On the inside of the thigh, the vastus medialis…
The Tensor Fascia Latae (TFL) is a small muscle located on the outer hip, playing a key role in hip stability, movement, and knee support. Pain in the TFL can result from overuse, poor biomechanics, or muscle imbalances, often leading to discomfort in the hip, thigh, or knee. Common causes include excessive running, prolonged sitting,…
The human nervous system consists of a vast network of nerves that transmit signals between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body. These nerves are classified into: This system ensures communication and coordination throughout the body. What are Nerves? Nerves function like cables, carrying electrical impulses between your brain and the rest…
The atlantoaxial joint is in the upper neck region between the first and second cervical vertebrae or the atlas and axis bones. The joint is essential. The synovial joint known as the atlantoaxial joint is categorized as a uniaxial pivot joint. It is classified as a pivot joint since it comprises a centrally located bony…
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the jawbone (mandible) to the skull (temporal bone) on both sides of the face. It allows movements like chewing, speaking, and yawning. The joint consists of bones, cartilage, muscles, and a disc that cushions movements. Dysfunction in the TMJ can lead to pain, clicking sounds, or restricted jaw movement. Introduction…
