The interphalangeal (IP) joints of the foot are the articulations between the phalanges (toe bones). These hinge joints allow for flexion and extension, contributing to toe movement and balance. The toes’ interphalangeal joints are synovial. The proximal and distal interphalangeal joints on the four lesser toes connect three phalanges, while the hallux has a single…
Strabismus exercises aim to strengthen eye muscles, improve focus, and enhance coordination between both eyes. Techniques like pencil push-ups, Brock string, and eye patching can help improve alignment. Regular practice under professional guidance can support better visual function. Introduction: A condition called strabismus, or squinting, happens when both eyes are not correctly aligned. One eye…
What is Plica Syndrome? Plica syndrome is a disorder that causes pain and discomfort by irritating or inflaming the plica, a fold of tissue in the knee joint. Usually caused by overuse or repetitive motions, it can cause symptoms like swelling, clicking, and knee pain. Rest, physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and in certain situations, surgery,…
Overview Chest pain is a symptom with various possible causes, ranging from mild to life-threatening. It can originate from the heart (e.g., heart attack, angina), lungs (e.g., pulmonary embolism), muscles, ribs, or digestive system (e.g., acid reflux). A variety of factors can cause chest pain. The two most potentially lethal causes are the cardiovascular system…
The proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) is the hand’s articulation between the proximal and middle phalanx. It is found in every digit except for the thumb. The bending and extension of the fingers in the middle are made possible by this synovial hinge joint, which aids in fine motor control. Introduction The fingers’ proximal interphalangeal (PIP)…
What is a Guyon Canal Syndrome? Guyon’s Canal Syndrome, also known as Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome, is a condition caused by compression of the ulnar nerve as it passes through Guyon’s canal in the wrist. It can result from repetitive wrist motions, prolonged pressure, or trauma. Symptoms include numbness, tingling, weakness, and pain in the ring…
Scapholunate dissociation is a wrist injury caused by a tear or dysfunction of the scapholunate ligament, leading to instability between the scaphoid and lunate bones. It commonly results from trauma, such as a fall on an outstretched hand, and can cause pain, weakness, and reduced grip strength. If untreated, it may lead to wrist arthritis….
Introduction The ulnar nerve is a major peripheral nerve that runs from the neck down to the hand, playing a crucial role in movement and sensation. It controls fine motor functions in the hand and provides sensation to the ring and little fingers. Often referred to as the “funny bone” nerve, it is vulnerable to…
Introduction The Strength-Duration Curve (SD Curve) visually represents the connection between the intensity of an electrical stimulus applied to a muscle’s motor point and the time required to trigger a minimal contraction in that muscle. In this context, “strength” pertains to the intensity of the stimulus plotted on the vertical axis, while “duration” refers to…
What is a Cystic Fibrosis? Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, and other organs. It is caused by a defective gene that makes the body produce abnormally thick and sticky mucus. Because CF affects the airways and lungs, which can make breathing difficult and lead to frequent…
