Introduction The transversus thoracis is a thin, flat muscle on the inner surface of the front chest wall. It extends from the lower sternum and xiphoid process to the inner surfaces of ribs 2–6. Its main function is to assist in forced expiration by helping to depress the ribs, thereby reducing the volume of the…
Introduction The Levatores Costarum (Latin for “lifters of the ribs”) are small, deep muscles of the back that assist with breathing and spinal movement. Twelve tiny triangle muscles make up the levatores costarum, which connect the thoracic vertebrae to the nearby ribs. They extend from C7 to T12 levels in the thoracic area and are…
What is a Scapholunate Ligament Injury? A scapholunate ligament injury involves damage to the ligament connecting the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist. This ligament plays a key role in stabilizing the carpal bones and maintaining proper wrist mechanics. Injury typically results from a fall on an outstretched hand or repetitive strain, leading to…
Introduction The perineal nerve is a big terminal branch of the pudendal nerve that normally begins during its passage through the pudendal canal or shortly after it exits the canal. The pudendal nerve travels to the perineum before splitting into two terminal branches: the superficial perineal nerve (superficial perineal branch) and the deep perineal nerve….
Introduction The pronator quadratus is a quadrangular, thin, short, and flat muscle located in the anterior compartment of the forearm. It is a member of the deep group of forearm flexors, together with flexor digitorum profundus and pollicis longus. The superficial group of forearm flexors overlays these three muscles. The pronator quadratus connects the distal…
Introduction: The ligamentum flavum is a strong, elastic ligament that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae, playing a crucial role in maintaining spinal stability and posture. Injury to this ligament, often due to trauma, repetitive strain, or degenerative changes, can lead to thickening or hypertrophy, potentially compressing nearby nerves or the spinal cord. This may…
What is an Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) Injury? The Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) runs along the front of the spine, providing stability and preventing excessive extension (backward bending). Injury to the ALL often occurs due to hyperextension trauma, such as whiplash from car accidents or sports injuries. Symptoms may include pain, stiffness, and limited spinal…
Introduction The Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL) is a key ligament in the ankle, connecting the fibula to the talus. It is the most commonly injured ligament in ankle sprains, especially with inversion injuries. The ATFL helps stabilize the ankle by preventing excessive forward displacement of the talus. The anterior talofibular ligament, situated on the lateral…
Introduction The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, originating from the lumbar and sacral spine (L4-S3). It runs through the buttocks and down the back of the leg, supplying motor and sensory function to the lower limbs. Compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve can lead to sciatica, causing…
Introduction The Posterior Talofibular Ligament (PTFL) is a strong ligament in the ankle that connects the talus to the fibula. It is the strongest of the lateral ankle ligaments and plays a crucial role in stabilizing the ankle, especially in preventing excessive posterior movement of the talus. Injuries to the PTFL are rare and usually…
