Introduction The sural nerve is a sensory nerve in the lower leg, originating from the tibial and common fibular (peroneal) nerves. It runs along the posterior aspect of the calf and provides sensation to the lateral side of the foot and ankle. The sural nerve is often used as a donor nerve for grafting procedures…
The palmar aponeurosis is a thick, triangular layer of connective tissue located in the palm of the hand. It functions to protect underlying structures, provide support to the hand, and aid in grip by connecting the palmar skin to the deeper tissues. The aponeurosis extends from the flexor retinaculum to the bases of the fingers,…
What is a Spine Examination? A spine examination is a systematic assessment of the spinal column, including the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions. It involves evaluating posture, alignment, range of motion, and identifying any deformities or asymmetries. The examination typically includes inspection, palpation, assessment of movement, and neurological testing to assess motor, sensory,…
Introduction The femoral nerve is a major peripheral nerve of the lower limb, originating from the lumbar plexus (L2-L4). It supplies motor innervation to the anterior thigh muscles (e.g., quadriceps) responsible for knee extension and hip flexion, and provides sensory innervation to the anterior thigh and medial leg via the saphenous nerve. It plays a…
Bicipital Tendonitis: What is it? Bicipital Tendonitis is caused by inflammation in the tendon of the upper biceps. This tendon, sometimes called the long head of the biceps tendon, joins the shoulder blade bone to the biceps muscle. Your elbow may also develop the problem. This overuse injury, also known as tendinitis, is frequently caused…
Triceps Tendonitis: What is it? Triceps tendonitis, also known as tricep tendinitis, is characterized by inflammation and irritation of the triceps tendon. The triceps tendon is a thick band of connective tissue that connects the triceps muscle on the back of the upper arm to the olecranon, which is the bony prominence at the tip…
Introduction Shoulder-Hand syndrome is a fairly common condition following a stroke. Typically, a stroke results in paralysis on one side of the body. The recovery from paralysis is subjective and varies among individuals. Generally, the lower limbs show improvement more rapidly than the upper limbs. For reasons that are not yet clear, some individuals experience…
Introduction The tibial nerve is a major branch of the sciatic nerve and is part of the lumbosacral plexus. It originates from the L4-S3 spinal nerves and runs down the back of the leg. From the popliteal fossa, the tibial nerve descends into the leg’s posterior compartment. Along with the posterior tibial vessels, it travels…
The tarsometatarsal joints (also known as Lisfranc joints) are the articulations between the tarsal bones of the midfoot and the metatarsal bones of the forefoot. These synovial plane joints play a crucial role in maintaining foot stability and enabling movements such as walking and running. Strong ligamentous support, including the Lisfranc ligament, provides stability, while…
The interphalangeal (IP) joints of the foot are the articulations between the phalanges (toe bones). These hinge joints allow for flexion and extension, contributing to toe movement and balance. The toes’ interphalangeal joints are synovial. The proximal and distal interphalangeal joints on the four lesser toes connect three phalanges, while the hallux has a single…
