Introduction The pronator quadratus is a quadrangular, thin, short, and flat muscle located in the anterior compartment of the forearm. It is a member of the deep group of forearm flexors, together with flexor digitorum profundus and pollicis longus. The superficial group of forearm flexors overlays these three muscles. The pronator quadratus connects the distal…
Introduction Pulmonary rehabilitation is a structured programme designed for individuals with chronic lung diseases like COPD, asthma, or pulmonary fibrosis. It typically includes exercise training, education on lung health, breathing techniques, and psychological support. The goal is to improve lung function, reduce symptoms like breathlessness, enhance quality of life, and promote self-management. The American Thoracic…
Introduction: The ligamentum flavum is a strong, elastic ligament that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae, playing a crucial role in maintaining spinal stability and posture. Injury to this ligament, often due to trauma, repetitive strain, or degenerative changes, can lead to thickening or hypertrophy, potentially compressing nearby nerves or the spinal cord. This may…
What is an Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) Injury? The Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) runs along the front of the spine, providing stability and preventing excessive extension (backward bending). Injury to the ALL often occurs due to hyperextension trauma, such as whiplash from car accidents or sports injuries. Symptoms may include pain, stiffness, and limited spinal…
What is Balance? A basic ability for everyday tasks, balance is required to safely complete any kind of movement or activity. Balance is the body’s capacity to keep its center of gravity above its base of support while performing an action. For optimal and continuous motor performance, the vestibular, ocular, and somatosensory systems provide a…
Introduction The Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL) is a key ligament in the ankle, connecting the fibula to the talus. It is the most commonly injured ligament in ankle sprains, especially with inversion injuries. The ATFL helps stabilize the ankle by preventing excessive forward displacement of the talus. The anterior talofibular ligament, situated on the lateral…
Sciatica nerve stretches help relieve pain by reducing tension in the lower back, glutes, and hamstrings. Key stretches include the Piriformis Stretch, Hamstring Stretch with Theraband in Supine, Seated Spinal Twist, Child’s Pose, and Knee-to-Chest Stretch. These stretches promote flexibility, ease nerve compression, and improve mobility. Introduction: Sciatica, a disorder marked by pain that travels…
A Paraneoplastic Syndrome: What is it? Paraneoplastic syndromes are rare disorders triggered by an abnormal immune response to cancer. They occur when tumors produce hormones, cytokines, or antibodies that affect distant organs, leading to neurological, endocrine, dermatologic, or rheumatologic symptoms. These syndromes can precede cancer diagnosis and often require treating both the underlying malignancy and…
Introduction Light to dark brown pigmented birthmarks known as café-au-lait spots are frequently seen on a newborn’s skin. Over time, the number and size of spots may vary. Over six café-au-lait spots may indicate neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) or another underlying genetic disorder. Flat, hyperpigmented birthmarks are known as café au lait spots or café…
Introduction Effort thrombosis, also known as Paget-Schroetter Syndrome, is a form of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) that affects the upper extremity, typically occurring in athletes or individuals engaged in repetitive overhead activities. It results from compression and injury to the subclavian vein, leading to clot formation. Symptoms include swelling, pain, discoloration, and a feeling of…
