The lumbar spine examination is a structured assessment used to evaluate lower back function, mobility, strength, and potential sources of pain. It typically includes observation, palpation, range of motion testing, neurological assessment, and special tests to identify conditions such as disc herniation, spinal stenosis, or muscle imbalances. A thorough examination helps guide diagnosis and treatment…
What is an Elbow Examination? The elbow examination is a systematic assessment used to evaluate the function, stability, and integrity of the elbow joint. It involves observation, palpation, range of motion testing, and specific maneuvers to assess the bones, ligaments, muscles, and neurovascular structures. Key components include observing for deformities, swelling, or erythema, assessing active…
Phalen’s Test is a clinical examination test used to diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome. The patient flexes both wrists and presses the backs of their hands together for 30-60 seconds. A positive test reproduces symptoms like tingling, numbness, or pain in the median nerve distribution, indicating possible median nerve compression at the wrist. The Phalen’s test:…
Introduction The anatomical snuffbox, or the radial fossa, is a triangular indent located on the outer side of the back of the hand. It can be found at the level of the wrist bones and is most noticeable when the thumb is extended. Historically, this indent was used to hold snuff (finely ground tobacco) before…
A wrist and hand examination involves a detailed assessment of the anatomical structures, function, and range of motion of the wrist, hand, and fingers. It includes inspection, palpation, evaluation of joint movements, strength testing, and special tests to identify conditions such as fractures, tendon injuries, carpal tunnel syndrome, arthritis, and other musculoskeletal or neurological disorders….
What is a Cervical Spine Examination? A cervical spine examination assesses the neck region’s structure and function, focusing on posture, alignment, range of motion, and potential sources of pain or dysfunction. The examination involves inspection, palpation, movement assessment, and neurological testing, including motor, sensory, and reflex evaluations of the upper limbs. It is essential for…
What is Kernig’s Sign? Kernig’s sign is a clinical test for meningeal irritation, often seen in meningitis. It is positive when extending the knee from a flexed hip position causes pain or resistance in the hamstrings, suggesting meningeal inflammation. To check for meningeal irritation, it is frequently evaluated along with Brudzinski’s sign. Purpose The Kernig’s…
What is a Spine Examination? A spine examination is a systematic assessment of the spinal column, including the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions. It involves evaluating posture, alignment, range of motion, and identifying any deformities or asymmetries. The examination typically includes inspection, palpation, assessment of movement, and neurological testing to assess motor, sensory,…
Introduction The ankle and foot examination is a critical component of musculoskeletal assessment, focusing on evaluating the structure, function, and integrity of the bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and surrounding soft tissues. A systematic approach typically includes inspection, palpation, range of motion assessment, strength testing, and special tests to identify conditions such as fractures, sprains, tendonitis,…
What is a Knee Examination? A knee examination is a systematic assessment used to evaluate knee function, stability, and potential pathology. It typically includes inspection, palpation, range of motion testing, and special tests to assess ligaments, menisci, and joint integrity. The femur, tibia, and patella are the three bones of the knee joint, a synovial…
