Brudzinski Sign
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Brudzinski Sign

What is Brudzinski Sign? Brudzinski’s sign is a clinical test used to assess meningeal irritation, commonly seen in meningitis. It is positive when passive flexion of the neck causes involuntary flexion of the hips and knees, indicating possible meningeal inflammation. The doctor Józef Brudziński, who initially characterized it in the early 1900s, is remembered by…

Ankle-Brachial Index
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Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) Test

What exactly is the ankle-brachial index? The ankle-brachial index test is a rapid and straightforward approach to detecting peripheral arterial disease (PAD). This illness develops when constricted arteries limit blood flow to the arms and legs. PAD can cause leg discomfort when walking and increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. The ankle-brachial index…

vojta-therapy
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Vojta Therapy

Introduction Vojta Therapy is a dynamic approach to treating neuromuscular problems that is based on reflex locomotion and developmental kinesiology. This approach aims to assist individuals with disorders affecting the central nervous system and musculoskeletal system. Developed in the 20th century by child neurologist Prof. Vaclav Vojta, it’s largely utilized in Europe currently. What is…

Tuberculous Arthritis
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Tuberculous Arthritis

What is a Tuberculous Arthritis? Tuberculous arthritis is a disease caused by the same bacteria that causes tuberculosis. Through the blood and lymphatic systems, these bacteria can travel to other parts of your body after entering through your lungs. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacteria that causes tuberculous (TB) arthritis, an inflammatory joint disease. The development…

Modified Ashworth Scale
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Modified Ashworth Scale

Introduction The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) is a clinical tool used to assess spasticity in individuals, particularly those with neurological conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy. Severe spasticity has a profound effect on a patient’s life, influencing everything from everyday activities to mental health and even financial security. However, spasticity can help…

Tardieu Scale
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Tardieu Scale/Modified Tardieu Scale

Introduction The Tardieu Scale is a clinical tool used to assess muscle spasticity, particularly in individuals with neurological conditions such as cerebral palsy or after stroke. In 1954, Tardieu and colleagues created the Tardieu Scale. It was changed in 1969 by Held and Pierrot-Deseilligny, and then in 1999 Boyd and Graham made more changes. Purpose…

Knee Flexion and Extension
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Knee Flexion and Extension

Knee Flexion and Extension: What Is It? Knee flexion and extension are fundamental movements that play a crucial role in our daily activities, from walking and running to sitting and standing. These movements involve the bending (flexion) and straightening (extension) of the knee joint, which is one of the largest and most complex joints in…

Superficial Reflexes
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The Complete Guide to Superficial Reflexes

What are Superficial Reflexes? When skin or mucous membrane sensory receptors are stimulated, involuntary muscular contractions known as superficial reflexes are triggered. Because of the numerous synapses that exist between the motor and sensory neurons, they are polysynaptic. The neurons that connect the muscles to the spinal cord, known as lower motor neurons (LMNs), mediate…