Bone cancer is a rare disease that occurs when cells in the bone begin to grow out of control. It can develop in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the arms and legs. The main types include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma. Introduction Types of Bone Cancer Primary Bone Cancer Cancer…
Teres Major Muscle Pain occurs when the teres major, a small but powerful muscle in the upper back, becomes strained or overworked. This muscle plays a key role in shoulder movement, including adduction, internal rotation, and extension. Pain in this area may result from overuse, poor posture, or repetitive activities like lifting or throwing. Symptoms…
How Long Does It Take to Lower Cholesterol? Statins and other cholesterol-lowering drugs can lower cholesterol to moderate levels in as little as six weeks. However, dietary and lifestyle changes may take several months to reduce cholesterol. Statins and other cholesterol-lowering drugs may be prescribed by doctors to patients who have cardiovascular disease or are…
The costovertebral joints are synovial joints that connect the ribs to the thoracic vertebrae. Each rib articulates with the vertebral body at two points: the costocorporeal joint (between the rib head and the vertebral bodies) and the costotransverse joint (between the rib tubercle and the transverse process). These joints facilitate rib movement during respiration and…
Supraspinatus Muscle Pain occurs due to strain, overuse, or injury to the supraspinatus muscle, a key component of the rotator cuff in the shoulder. Pain is often felt on the top or side of the shoulder and may worsen with overhead movements. Common causes include repetitive stress, poor posture, or rotator cuff injuries. Early management…
The hand’s interphalangeal joints are the hinge joints that allow flexion in the direction of the palm between the finger phalanges. Introduction The hand’s interphalangeal joints are synovial hinge joints connecting the proximal, middle, and distal phalanges. These joints can be categorized into digits 2–5 according to the bones involved. The middle and distal phalanges…
Three intervertebral joints connect each neighboring vertebra from the axis to the sacrum: two between the facets of adjacent vertebral arches and one between the vertebral bodies (zygapophysial joints, also known as facet joints). Introduction The intervertebral joints join the vertebrae of the vertebral column which are closely nearby. Three distinct joints make up each intervertebral joint: two zygapophyseal (facet) joints and one intervertebral disc joint (intervertebral symphysis). Articular surfaces The intervertebral symphyses, or intervertebral disc joints, go from the C2 to the S1 vertebral levels. Adjacent vertebral…
The proximal radioulnar articulation, sometimes referred to as the proximal radioulnar joint (PRUJ), is a synovial pivot joint that occurs between the ring created by the annular ligament and the radial notch of the ulna and the circumference of the radius head. Introduction A synovial joint that joins the proximal ends of the radius and…
The facet joints, which are a group of synovial, plane joints between the articular processes of two neighboring vertebrae, are also known as zygapophysial joints, zygapophyseal, apophyseal, or Z-joints. Each spinal motion segment has two facet joints, and the recurrent meningeal nerves innervate each facet joint. Introduction This synovial connection, called the apophyseal or zygapophyseal…
Vastus Medialis Muscle Pain occurs due to overuse, muscle imbalances, or strain, often leading to discomfort around the inner thigh or knee. It can affect knee stability and movement, requiring proper stretching, strengthening, and recovery for relief and prevention. What is a Vastus Medialis Muscle Pain? On the inside of the thigh, the vastus medialis…
