Introduction The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the spinal cord in the neck (C5 to T1 nerve roots) and extends through the shoulder to control muscle movements and sensation in the shoulder, arm, and hand. It is divided into five sections: roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches. Damage to the…
Hip Adduction Hip Adduction is the movement of bringing the leg toward the midline of the body. It involves muscles like the adductor longus, brevis, and magnus, as well as the gracilis and pectineus. Strengthening these muscles improves stability, balance, and lower body strength, which is essential for activities like walking, running, and maintaining proper…
Hip Internal Rotation Hip internal rotation is the movement of the thigh inward, toward the center of the body. This motion is essential for activities like walking, running, and changing direction. Strong and flexible hip internal rotators help maintain balance, improve athletic performance, and prevent injuries. What are the Internal and External Rotations of the…
Introduction The dorsal scapular nerve originates from the root of spinal nerve C5, which is one of the brachial plexus’s lateral branches. On rare occasions, it could originate from the brachial plexus’ superior trunk. The dorsal scapular nerve is a motor neuron that innervates the levator scapulae, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor muscles. These muscles…
Introduction The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve is a sensory nerve originating from the medial cord of the brachial plexus, primarily carrying fibers from the C8 and T1 nerve roots. It supplies sensation to the skin of the medial (inner) side of the forearm. The nerve descends along the arm, often near the basilic vein, and…
Hip abduction is a movement that involves lifting the leg away from the body’s midline, strengthening the outer hips, glutes, and thighs. It improves hip stability, balance, and overall lower body strength. Common exercises include side-lying leg raises, standing hip abductions, and resistance band exercises. What are Adduction and Abduction of the Hip? Hip abduction…
Introduction The proximal tibiofibular joint is a synovial joint located between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula. It plays a key role in stabilizing the lower leg and allowing slight movement to accommodate ankle motion. Although it contributes minimally to knee movement, it helps distribute forces during activities like…
The distal tibiofibular joint is the articulation between the lower ends of the tibia and fibula, located just above the ankle. It is a fibrous syndesmosis joint, meaning it is connected by strong ligaments, primarily the anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments. This joint provides stability to the ankle, allowing for slight movement to accommodate the…
The sacroiliac (SI) joint joins the sacrum at the base of the spine to the pelvic ilium by the sacroiliac (SI) joint. It plays a crucial role in transferring weight and force between the upper body and the lower limbs while providing stability and shock absorption. SI joint dysfunction can cause lower back, buttock, or leg pain, which frequently simulates other disorders, including lumbar…
Hip Extension is the movement of the thigh or leg backward, away from the front of the body. It plays a key role in walking, running, and maintaining posture. The primary muscles involved are the gluteus maximus, hamstrings, and adductor magnus. Strengthening hip extension improves lower body strength, stability, and mobility. Hip Flexion and Extension:…
