Introduction Patella Alta, commonly referred to as a high-riding patella, is a condition in which the kneecap (patella) is positioned higher than its normal alignment in relation to the femur. What Is Patella Alta? The quadriceps tendon surrounds the patellofemoral joint, which is made up of the kneecap lying in a dip on the front…
Introduction The knee joint is one of the largest and most complex joints in the human body, playing a crucial role in our ability to move and bear weight. It connects the thigh bone (femur) to the shin bone (tibia) and includes other structures like the kneecap (patella) and cartilage, which help in smooth movement….
Introduction A reflex is an uncontrollably stereotyped, involuntary response to a specific sensory stimulus. Every healthy individual possesses a variety of reflexes. Actually, the majority of them are innate. An impulse is dealt with by reflex arcs prior to it reaching the brain. The way the reflex reaction is shaped depends in large part on…
Introduction The hip joint is a ball-and-socket synovial joint that serves as the primary connection between the lower limb and the pelvis. It is one of the largest and most stable joints in the body, designed to bear weight and allow a wide range of motion for activities such as walking, running, and jumping. This…
Neurotmesis is a type of severe peripheral nerve injury that results from nerve transection. Neurotmesis involves cutting off the entire nerve, affecting the endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium. The myelin sheath, connective tissues, and axon are ruptured as a result of neurotmesis. When a peripheral nerve injury is severe enough to cause neurotmesis, the affected person as…
What is an Axonotmesis? The term “axonotmesis” describes the anatomical disruption of an axon that does not, or only partially, disturb the framework of connective tissue. Axonotmesis is a condition in which a peripheral nerve in one of the body’s limbs is injured. This type of injury results in damage to the axons and their…
Introduction The movements of the shoulder joint, known as adduction and abduction, permit the arm to move either inward or outward toward the body. For a variety of everyday tasks and upper-extremity sports, these movements are crucial. What is Shoulder abduction? Shoulder abduction is a fundamental movement of the shoulder joint, where the arm is…
Knee Flexion and Extension: What Is It? Knee flexion and extension are fundamental movements that play a crucial role in our daily activities, from walking and running to sitting and standing. These movements involve the bending (flexion) and straightening (extension) of the knee joint, which is one of the largest and most complex joints in…
Introduction The wrist joint, also known as the radiocarpal joint, is a complex structure that connects the hand to the forearm. It is responsible for a wide range of movements, including flexion, extension, radial deviation (movement toward the thumb), ulnar deviation (movement toward the little finger), and some degree of circumduction. Various bones and joints…
Definition Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTRs) are involuntary, automatic responses to a stimulus applied to a tendon, typically involving the muscle it is connected to. These reflexes are essential for assessing the integrity of the nervous system, particularly the motor and sensory pathways. When a typical person taps a muscular tendon vigorously, the two-neuron reflex arc…
