Introduction The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, originating from the lumbar and sacral spine (L4-S3). It runs through the buttocks and down the back of the leg, supplying motor and sensory function to the lower limbs. Compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve can lead to sciatica, causing…
Introduction The Posterior Talofibular Ligament (PTFL) is a strong ligament in the ankle that connects the talus to the fibula. It is the strongest of the lateral ankle ligaments and plays a crucial role in stabilizing the ankle, especially in preventing excessive posterior movement of the talus. Injuries to the PTFL are rare and usually…
What is Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injury? The Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC) injury involves damage to the cartilage and ligaments on the ulnar side of the wrist, which provide stability and cushioning. It commonly occurs due to falls on an outstretched hand, repetitive wrist motions, or degenerative wear. Symptoms include wrist pain, weakness, and clicking sensations,…
Introduction The calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) is a strong, fibrous band located on the lateral side of the ankle. It connects the fibula to the calcaneus (heel bone) and provides stability by preventing excessive inversion of the foot. It is commonly injured in ankle sprains, particularly in combination with the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL). Like the…
Introduction A Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) injury involves a sprain or tear of the ligament on the outer side of the knee, connecting the femur to the fibula. It often results from a direct blow to the inner knee or excessive stress during activities involving sudden changes in direction. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and instability…
Introduction The posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) is a strong, fibrous band that runs along the back (posterior) of the vertebral bodies inside the spinal canal. It extends from the cervical spine to the sacrum, providing support and stability to the spine while preventing excessive spinal flexion. The PLL also helps protect the spinal cord and nerves….
Definition: A medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury occurs when the ligament on the inside of the knee is over-stretched, partially torn, or torn completely. It is mostly caused by a valgus force on the knee and is among the most frequent knee injuries. What is a Medial Collateral Ligament Injury? Your MCL and the other…
Introduction Spinal ligaments are strong, fibrous tissues that connect bones and provide stability to the spine. They help maintain proper alignment, support movement, and prevent excessive motion that could lead to injury. Key spinal ligaments include the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL), posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL), ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligaments, supraspinous ligament, and facet capsular ligaments….
Introduction The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord. These nerves connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body. The peripheral neural system is further separated into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic nervous system is made up of nerves that…
Introduction: The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) is a key stabilizing ligament on the inner side of the elbow, connecting the humerus to the ulna. UCL injuries often occur due to repetitive stress from overhead motions, commonly seen in athletes like baseball pitchers and javelin throwers. An internal elbow injury is caused by damage to the…
