What is a Chondromalacia Patella? Chondromalacia patella (CMP) is a disorder characterized by the weakening and deterioration of the cartilage beneath the patella (kneecap). This cartilage normally allows smooth movement of the knee joint, but when it deteriorates, it can cause pain, discomfort, and a grinding sensation during movement. Often referred to as “runner’s knee,”…
What is Patella Baja? Patella Baja is a condition characterized by an abnormally low position of the patella (kneecap) in relation to the femur (thigh bone). It typically occurs following knee surgeries such as total knee replacement or after trauma, where scar tissue formation restricts the movement of the patella, pulling it downward It may…
What is Crutch Paralysis? Crutch paralysis is a condition that arises from the prolonged or improper use of crutches, leading to nerve compression or damage, typically in the underarm area. The condition primarily affects the radial nerve, which runs along the upper arm and controls movement and sensation in the arm and hand. The muscles…
What Is Precordial Catch Syndrome? Precordial Catch Syndrome (PCS) is a benign, non-serious condition characterized by sudden, sharp chest pain that is often mistaken for a heart-related issue. It usually affects young people, teenagers, and children, and it usually feels close to the left side of the chest. While the pain can be intense and…
What is Retrocalcaneal Bursitis? Relevant Clinical Anatomy & Pathogenesis The bursae and the bone at the point of Achilles tendon insertion are conceptually so closely related that even a slight protrusion of the calcaneum will significantly raise the risk of mechanical bursa irritation. Epidemiology of Retrocalcaneal bursitis. It is more common in the general population…
Introduction Patella Alta, commonly referred to as a high-riding patella, is a condition in which the kneecap (patella) is positioned higher than its normal alignment in relation to the femur. What Is Patella Alta? The quadriceps tendon surrounds the patellofemoral joint, which is made up of the kneecap lying in a dip on the front…
Introduction A reflex is an uncontrollably stereotyped, involuntary response to a specific sensory stimulus. Every healthy individual possesses a variety of reflexes. Actually, the majority of them are innate. An impulse is dealt with by reflex arcs prior to it reaching the brain. The way the reflex reaction is shaped depends in large part on…
What’s piriformis syndrome? In piriformis syndrome, the sciatic nerve presses against the piriformis muscle, resulting in back and buttock pain and numbness. The primary symptoms of the illness are pain in the buttocks and pain that travels down the lower limb. Other symptoms include weakness, numbness, and issues with the bladder and bowel. A little…
Definition Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTRs) are involuntary, automatic responses to a stimulus applied to a tendon, typically involving the muscle it is connected to. These reflexes are essential for assessing the integrity of the nervous system, particularly the motor and sensory pathways. When a typical person taps a muscular tendon vigorously, the two-neuron reflex arc…
What are Superficial Reflexes? When skin or mucous membrane sensory receptors are stimulated, involuntary muscular contractions known as superficial reflexes are triggered. Because of the numerous synapses that exist between the motor and sensory neurons, they are polysynaptic. The neurons that connect the muscles to the spinal cord, known as lower motor neurons (LMNs), mediate…
