Introduction The ankle and foot examination is a critical component of musculoskeletal assessment, focusing on evaluating the structure, function, and integrity of the bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and surrounding soft tissues. A systematic approach typically includes inspection, palpation, range of motion assessment, strength testing, and special tests to identify conditions such as fractures, sprains, tendonitis,…
What is a Knee Examination? A knee examination is a systematic assessment used to evaluate knee function, stability, and potential pathology. It typically includes inspection, palpation, range of motion testing, and special tests to assess ligaments, menisci, and joint integrity. The femur, tibia, and patella are the three bones of the knee joint, a synovial…
Introduction The femoral nerve is a major peripheral nerve of the lower limb, originating from the lumbar plexus (L2-L4). It supplies motor innervation to the anterior thigh muscles (e.g., quadriceps) responsible for knee extension and hip flexion, and provides sensory innervation to the anterior thigh and medial leg via the saphenous nerve. It plays a…
What is a Pseudogout? Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, CPPD) is a type of arthritis characterized by sudden, painful swelling in one or more joints, often the knee. It is caused by the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate crystals in the joint cartilage, leading to inflammation. Symptoms resemble those of gout, but instead of uric acid…
Good posture is essential for maintaining balance, reducing strain on muscles and ligaments, and preventing discomfort. Incorporating exercises that strengthen the core, back, and shoulder muscles can significantly improve posture. Focusing on alignment, flexibility, and stability helps create a strong foundation for standing and sitting with ease and confidence. Introduction: Maintaining good posture is important…
Introduction Global aphasia is a severe form of aphasia that results from extensive damage to the brain’s language-dominant hemisphere, typically the left. Damage to the parts of your brain that regulate language can result in global aphasia.It’s possible that a person with global aphasia can only produce and comprehend a small number of words. They…
What is a Speech Therapy? Speech therapy is the diagnosis and treatment of communication problems including speech disorders. It is carried out by speech-language pathologists, or SLPs as they are more commonly called. To improve communication, speech therapy techniques are used. These could include language intervention activities, articulation therapy, and other things, depending on the…
Hallux Rigidus: What Is It? Hallux Rigidus is a form of degenerative arthritis affecting the big toe joint (the first metatarsophalangeal joint). It leads to stiffness, pain, and limited motion, particularly during walking or activities that require toe bending. Over time, bone spurs may develop, worsening the stiffness. Treatment options range from conservative approaches, such…
Bicipital Tendonitis: What is it? Bicipital Tendonitis is caused by inflammation in the tendon of the upper biceps. This tendon, sometimes called the long head of the biceps tendon, joins the shoulder blade bone to the biceps muscle. Your elbow may also develop the problem. This overuse injury, also known as tendinitis, is frequently caused…
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, leading to the gradual loss of muscle control. It primarily damages motor neurons, resulting in muscle weakness, atrophy, and eventually, paralysis. While the exact cause of ALS is often unknown, a small percentage of cases are…
