What is a Tuberculous Arthritis? Tuberculous arthritis is a disease caused by the same bacteria that causes tuberculosis. Through the blood and lymphatic systems, these bacteria can travel to other parts of your body after entering through your lungs. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacteria that causes tuberculous (TB) arthritis, an inflammatory joint disease. The development…
Introduction The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) is a clinical tool used to assess spasticity in individuals, particularly those with neurological conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy. Severe spasticity has a profound effect on a patient’s life, influencing everything from everyday activities to mental health and even financial security. However, spasticity can help…
What is a Carrying Angle of The Elbow? The carrying angle is the angle formed between the long axis of the humerus and the forearm when the arm is extended and the palms face forward. According to anatomy, an adult human’s carrying angle is generally 10° for men and 13° for women. In addition to…
Introduction The Tardieu Scale is a clinical tool used to assess muscle spasticity, particularly in individuals with neurological conditions such as cerebral palsy or after stroke. In 1954, Tardieu and colleagues created the Tardieu Scale. It was changed in 1969 by Held and Pierrot-Deseilligny, and then in 1999 Boyd and Graham made more changes. Purpose…
Knee Flexion and Extension: What Is It? Knee flexion and extension are fundamental movements that play a crucial role in our daily activities, from walking and running to sitting and standing. These movements involve the bending (flexion) and straightening (extension) of the knee joint, which is one of the largest and most complex joints in…
What are Superficial Reflexes? When skin or mucous membrane sensory receptors are stimulated, involuntary muscular contractions known as superficial reflexes are triggered. Because of the numerous synapses that exist between the motor and sensory neurons, they are polysynaptic. The neurons that connect the muscles to the spinal cord, known as lower motor neurons (LMNs), mediate…
A thorough physical examination of the shoulder joint is essential for accurately diagnosing these issues and developing an effective treatment plan. This examination typically includes a combination of visual inspection, palpation, and a series of specific tests designed to assess the integrity, strength, and function of the muscles, tendons, and ligaments surrounding the shoulder. What…
Overview Elbow problems can severely affect a person’s physical health and financial stability. These conditions can limit mobility, making everyday tasks challenging, and lead to substantial medical expenses. Addressing elbow disorders is crucial for maintaining overall wellness and avoiding potential long-term consequences. Elbow pain can originate in many different places, including bones, tendons, ligaments, bursae,…
What is a Range of Motion (ROM)? Range of motion (ROM) refers to the extent or limit to which a joint can be moved. It’s essentially a measure of your joint’s flexibility and how far it can move in different directions It is essential to determining and analyzing a person’s range of motion, flexibility, and…
What is Voluntary Control Grading? When voluntary control grading, one usually looks at how well the person can start, maintain, and coordinate movements in certain body areas that are impacted by spasticity or motor deficits. It offers a baseline for monitoring development or assessing the efficacy of treatment approaches and aids in assessing the degree of…
