The carpometacarpal (CMC) joints are the articulations that connect the hand’s carpal (carpals) and metacarpal (metacarpals) bones. Five carpometacarpal joints are known to exist, with the thumb’s carpometacarpal joint—also referred to as the trapeziometacarpal joint—being the most specialized and flexible. Introduction The proximal bases of the five metacarpal bones and the distal row of carpal…
The sternoclavicular (SC) joint is a synovial joint that connects the sternum (breastbone) to the clavicle (collarbone). It is one of the major joints in the shoulder girdle and plays a vital role in shoulder movement and stability. The manubrium of the sternum and the medial side of the clavicle articulates to produce the Sternoclavicular…
The elbow joint is a complex hinge-type synovial joint that connects the upper arm to the forearm. It plays a critical role in the movement and function of the arm, enabling activities such as lifting, pushing, pulling, and fine motor skills. This essential joint supports the range of motions required for daily tasks, involving bending the forearm (pronation and supination) and bending and straightening the arm (extension). The arm’s ulna, radius, and humerus. The elbow joint is classified as a synovial joint in terms of structure. Introduction These joints, which unite the upper arm to the forearm, are called elbows. The skeletal system includes every joint in your body, including your elbows. Elbow joints fall under the structural category of synovial joints. This vital joint allows the perform various motions necessary for daily tasks, such as rotating the forearm (pronation and supination) and bending and straightening the arm (extension). The Anatomy of elbow…
The acromioclavicular joint, frequently referred to as the AC joint, is an essential anatomical structure situated on the top of the shoulder where the lateral end of the clavicle (collarbone) articulates with the acromion process of the scapula. This joint is critical to the stability and operation of the shoulder complex, allowing for a wide range of motion while preserving the structural integrity of the shoulder girdle. The AC Joint, which joins the scapula and clavicle, is the major articulation that separates the upper extremities from the trunk. Introduction One of the four joints that form the shoulder complex is the AC joint, also known as the articulioclavicular joint. The primary articulation that interrupts the upper limbs from the trunk and connects the scapula to the clavicle is the AC Joint. The…
Introduction The subtalar joint, located just below the ankle joint, plays a critical role in foot and ankle biomechanics. It connects the talus (a bone in the foot) with the calcaneus (heel bone), enabling the complex movements of inversion and eversion, which allow the foot to adapt to uneven surfaces. As a synovial joint, this…
Ankle joints are complex mechanisms that play important roles in allowing movement in the lower extremities and providing stability. Several ligaments support the ankle’s overall stability by joining the bones and ensuring optimal joint function. The anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL), and calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) comprise the lateral (outside) portion of the ankle joint. These ligaments contribute lateral support to the ankle by attaching the talus and calcaneus, two-foot bones, to the fibula, one of the two lower leg bones. Ankle ligament overstretching or taking produces a sprain. Ankle sprains are…
The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is a ball-and-socket joint that involves the humerus (upper arm bone) and the scapula (shoulder blade). It is one of the most mobile joints in the human body, allowing for a wide range of movements such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction. Introduction The glenohumeral joint, which is situated in the shoulder, can move in a wide variety of ways….
Introduction The knee joint is one of the largest and most complex joints in the human body, playing a crucial role in our ability to move and bear weight. It connects the thigh bone (femur) to the shin bone (tibia) and includes other structures like the kneecap (patella) and cartilage, which help in smooth movement….
Introduction The hip joint is a ball-and-socket synovial joint that serves as the primary connection between the lower limb and the pelvis. It is one of the largest and most stable joints in the body, designed to bear weight and allow a wide range of motion for activities such as walking, running, and jumping. This…
Introduction The wrist joint, also known as the radiocarpal joint, is a complex structure that connects the hand to the forearm. It is responsible for a wide range of movements, including flexion, extension, radial deviation (movement toward the thumb), ulnar deviation (movement toward the little finger), and some degree of circumduction. Various bones and joints…
