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Introduction The subtalar joint, located just below the ankle joint, plays a critical role in foot and ankle biomechanics. It connects the talus (a bone...

Ankle joints are complex mechanisms that play important roles in allowing movement in the lower extremities and providing stability. Several ligaments support the ankle’s overall stability by joining the bones and ensuring optimal joint function. The anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL), and calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) comprise the lateral (outside) portion of the ankle joint. These ligaments contribute lateral support to the...

The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is a ball-and-socket joint that involves the humerus (upper arm bone) and the scapula (shoulder blade)....

Introduction The knee joint is one of the largest and most complex joints in the human body, playing a crucial role in our ability to...

Introduction The wrist joint, also known as the radiocarpal joint, is a complex structure that connects the hand to the forearm. It is responsible for...