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Precordial Catch Syndrome

What Is Precordial Catch Syndrome? Precordial Catch Syndrome (PCS) is a benign, non-serious condition characterized by sudden, sharp chest pain that is often mistaken for...

Retrocalcaneal Bursitis

What is Retrocalcaneal Bursitis? Relevant Clinical Anatomy & Pathogenesis The bursae and the bone at the point of Achilles tendon insertion are conceptually so closely...

Patella Alta

Introduction Patella Alta, commonly referred to as a high-riding patella, is a condition in which the kneecap (patella) is positioned higher than its normal alignment...

Reflexes: Types and Testing

Introduction A reflex is an uncontrollably stereotyped, involuntary response to a specific sensory stimulus. Every healthy individual possesses a variety of reflexes. Actually, the majority...

Piriformis Syndrome

What’s piriformis syndrome? In piriformis syndrome, the sciatic nerve presses against the piriformis muscle, resulting in back and buttock pain and numbness. The primary symptoms...

Deep Tendon Reflexes

Definition Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTRs) are involuntary, automatic responses to a stimulus applied to a tendon, typically involving the muscle it is connected to. These...

The Complete Guide to Superficial Reflexes

What are Superficial Reflexes? When skin or mucous membrane sensory receptors are stimulated, involuntary muscular contractions known as superficial reflexes are triggered. Because of the...

Shoulder Hand Syndrome

What is Shoulder-hand syndrome? Shoulder-Hand Syndrome, also known as Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Type I, is a chronic pain condition that typically affects one...

Upper Cross Syndrome

What is an upper cross syndrome? Upper Cross Syndrome (UCS) is a common postural imbalance that occurs when certain muscles in the upper body become...

Abdominal Regions

What is an Abdominal Region? The abdominal region is anatomically divided into nine distinct areas, each serving as a reference point for identifying the location...