Introduction The transversus thoracis is a thin, flat muscle on the inner surface of the front chest wall. It extends from the lower sternum and xiphoid process to the inner surfaces of ribs 2–6. Its main function is to assist in forced expiration by helping to depress the ribs, thereby reducing the volume of the…
Introduction The Levatores Costarum (Latin for “lifters of the ribs”) are small, deep muscles of the back that assist with breathing and spinal movement. Twelve tiny triangle muscles make up the levatores costarum, which connect the thoracic vertebrae to the nearby ribs. They extend from C7 to T12 levels in the thoracic area and are…
Introduction: After a shoulder dislocation, targeted rehabilitation exercises are essential to restore stability, strength, and range of motion. These exercises focus on gradually reactivating the rotator cuff muscles, improving joint control, and preventing future dislocations. A structured program typically progresses from gentle mobility work to strengthening and proprioceptive training, all tailored to the stage of…
What is a Scapholunate Ligament Injury? A scapholunate ligament injury involves damage to the ligament connecting the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist. This ligament plays a key role in stabilizing the carpal bones and maintaining proper wrist mechanics. Injury typically results from a fall on an outstretched hand or repetitive strain, leading to…
Posterior Tibial Tendonitis: What is it? Posterior tibial tendonitis is inflammation of the posterior tibial tendon, which supports your foot’s arch and allows it to bend. It’s also known as your posterior tibialis tendon. Tendons are thick, rope-like connective structures that link muscles and bones. The posterior tibial tendon connects one of your lower leg…
Introduction The perineal nerve is a big terminal branch of the pudendal nerve that normally begins during its passage through the pudendal canal or shortly after it exits the canal. The pudendal nerve travels to the perineum before splitting into two terminal branches: the superficial perineal nerve (superficial perineal branch) and the deep perineal nerve….
Vestibular Rehabilitation: What is it? Vestibular rehabilitation is a specialized form of physical therapy aimed at reducing dizziness, vertigo, and balance problems caused by inner ear disorders. It involves exercises designed to improve gaze stability, balance, and overall coordination by retraining the brain to adapt to signals from the vestibular system. This therapy is commonly…
Introduction The pronator quadratus is a quadrangular, thin, short, and flat muscle located in the anterior compartment of the forearm. It is a member of the deep group of forearm flexors, together with flexor digitorum profundus and pollicis longus. The superficial group of forearm flexors overlays these three muscles. The pronator quadratus connects the distal…
Introduction Pulmonary rehabilitation is a structured programme designed for individuals with chronic lung diseases like COPD, asthma, or pulmonary fibrosis. It typically includes exercise training, education on lung health, breathing techniques, and psychological support. The goal is to improve lung function, reduce symptoms like breathlessness, enhance quality of life, and promote self-management. The American Thoracic…
Introduction: The ligamentum flavum is a strong, elastic ligament that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae, playing a crucial role in maintaining spinal stability and posture. Injury to this ligament, often due to trauma, repetitive strain, or degenerative changes, can lead to thickening or hypertrophy, potentially compressing nearby nerves or the spinal cord. This may…
