Introduction The intercostal nerves are a group of 11 pairs of nerves that originate from the thoracic spinal cord (T1 to T11). They run between the ribs, supplying the muscles of the chest wall and providing sensory information from the skin and pleura. The 12th pair, called the subcostal nerve, runs below the last rib….
Introduction The cervical plexus is a collection of cervical nerves created by the anterior (ventral) rami of spinal nerves C1-C4 (sometimes known as the first through fourth cervical nerves). The cervical plexus’ roots (limbs) are shown here. The 5th cervical nerve (the anterior ramus of spinal nerve C5) may also be regarded as a member…
Introduction The Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) is a band of tissue located on the inner side of the knee, connecting the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (shin bone). It provides stability by preventing excessive inward movement of the knee joint. MCL injuries can range from minor sprains to full tears and can be caused…
Knee Flexion Knee Flexion refers to the bending movement of the knee joint, where the angle between the thigh and the lower leg decreases. It involves muscles like the hamstrings, gastrocnemius, and popliteus. Knee flexion is essential for activities like walking, running, and squatting. Knee Flexion and Extension: What Is It? Basic motions at the…
Crepitus/Cracking Joints: What is it? Crepitus refers to a crackling, popping, or grating sound or sensation that can occur in joints or tissues. It often happens during movement and may be caused by gas bubbles in the joint, cartilage wear, or bone rubbing against bone. While it is generally harmless, persistent or painful crepitus may…
Introduction The sacral plexus is a neural network made up of the lumbosacral trunk (L4, L5) and the sacral spinal nerves (S1–S4). The sacral plexus is situated on the posterior pelvic wall, behind the internal iliac arteries and ureter, and ahead of the piriformis muscle. The plexus has multiple branches, including anterior, posterior, and one…
Introduction The lumbar plexus is a neural network formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves L1 through L4 and the anterior ramus of spinal nerve T12. It is situated on the posterior abdominal wall, anterior to the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae, and inside the posterior section of the psoas major muscle. The…
Introduction The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) is a strong band of tissue located on the inner side of the elbow, connecting the humerus (upper arm bone) to the ulna (one of the forearm bones). It provides stability to the elbow joint, particularly during activities involving throwing or overhead motions. UCL injuries are common in athletes,…
Introduction: Acromioclavicular (AC) joint sprain, also known as a shoulder separation, occurs when the ligaments connecting the acromion (part of the scapula) and the clavicle are stretched or torn. It is typically caused by a direct impact or fall onto the shoulder. AC joint sprains are classified into grades based on severity, ranging from mild…
Vertigo often results from inner ear issues, causing dizziness and imbalance. Exercises like the Epley Maneuver, Brandt-Daroff Exercises, and Gaze Stabilization can help retrain your balance system and reduce symptoms. Consistent practice under professional guidance can improve stability and reduce vertigo episodes. Introduction: Living with vertigo, which is a feeling of spinning or dizziness, can…
